Infertility, affecting 10-15% of couples globally, is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected intercourse or to carry a pregnancy to term. Causes include male factors like low sperm count and hormonal imbalances, and female factors such as ovulation disorders (e.g., PCOS), blocked fallopian tubes, uterine issues, and endometriosis. Lifestyle factors, including age, smoking, and stress, also impact fertility. In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a common assisted reproductive technology, involving egg retrieval, lab fertilization, and embryo transfer. Success rates for IVF are higher in younger women, but the process carries risks like multiple pregnancies and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS).
The emotional impact of infertility and IVF can be profound, often causing stress and depression. Counseling and support groups are crucial for emotional support. Alternative treatments include ovulation-inducing medications, intrauterine insemination (IUI), and surgical interventions. Advances like preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and cryopreservation of eggs and embryos continue to improve outcomes, offering hope and more options for couples facing infertility challenges.